Publicación:
Terapia fágica para bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus: una revisión de la seguridad, eficacia y perspectivas futuras

dc.contributor.advisorGuzmán Luna, Carolina
dc.contributor.authorRodríguez Panduro, Mauricio Humberto
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-08T00:31:39Z
dc.date.issued2025-12
dc.description.abstractLa bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus (BSA), especialmente aquella causada por cepas meticilino-resistentes (SARM), constituye un problema de salud pública global debido a su alta morbimortalidad y la creciente ineficacia de los antibióticos. Entre los datos más relevantes publicados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se destaca la clasificación de S. aureus como un patógeno de prioridad alta para la investigación de nuevos tratamientos, asociándose a más de 700.000 muertes anuales a nivel global. Los tratamientos convencionales abordan un esquema de terapia antimicrobiana consistente principalmente en vancomicina o daptomicina, alcanzando eficiencias clínicas que a menudo no superan el 60-80%, dejando una brecha significativa de fracaso terapéutico. En este escenario, la terapia fágica resurge como una alternativa terapéutica con ventajas a destacar, como la alta especificidad en la bacteria diana, la capacidad de autorreplicación en el sitio de infección y la actividad contra biopelículas; sin embargo, es pertinente seguir investigando sobre la estandarización de la producción, la farmacocinética clínica y el establecimiento de un marco normativo claro. Se han publicado estudios en países como Estados Unidos, Bélgica y Australia, en los cuales el tratamiento con cócteles de fagos líticos purificados ha logrado mejorar el pronóstico clínico con tasas de éxito reportadas entre el 70% y el 88% en casos de uso compasivo y ensayos controlados. En América Latina, los estudios clínicos que soporten esta alternativa terapéutica son escasos, limitándose principalmente a iniciativas regulatorias incipientes como en Uruguay o investigaciones preclínicas. Para Colombia y la región, se cuenta con capacidades científicas y una vasta biodiversidad, soportadas en grupos de investigación locales (Universidad de los Andes, Universidad Nacional y AGROSAVIA, entre otros) que han aislado fagos nativos con potencial lítico. Esta realidad abre una importante oportunidad para la investigación y el desarrollo biotecnológico de la terapia fágica, con un potencial impacto en la reducción de la alta mortalidad asociada a la BSA. En este trabajo se analizó la evidencia científica actual sobre la seguridad y eficacia de esta terapia, sola o en combinación con antibióticos, para el tratamiento de la BSA. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE y LILACS/SciELO, abarcando publicaciones entre 2015 y 2025. Se incluyeron estudios preclínicos in vivo, ensayos clínicos y series de casos que evaluaron la terapia fágica contra S. aureus. La evidencia preclínica en modelos murinos de sepsis y bacteriemia soporta consistentemente la eficacia de los fagos para reducir la carga bacteriana y aumentar la supervivencia. La evidencia clínica, aunque limitada, evidencia un perfil de seguridad favorable y resultados positivos en infecciones complejas, destacando el reciente ensayo clínico diSArm (2025), que mostró una mejora significativa en la respuesta clínica, alcanzando un 88% de éxito en el grupo tratado con fagos frente al 58% en el grupo placebo en pacientes con bacteriemia complicada. La terapia combinada fago-antibiótico evidencia un claro potencial sinérgico, aunque se han reportado interacciones antagónicas con antibióticos bacteriostáticos. Se concluye que la terapia fágica es una estrategia fundamentada que puede combatir la BSA, posicionándose principalmente como terapia adyuvante. No obstante, su implementación enfrenta desafíos críticos como la necesidad de ensayos clínicos confirmatorios de fase III, la estandarización de la producción bajo buenas prácticas de manufactura (BPM) y la definición de una vía regulatoria adaptada al contexto nacional.spa
dc.description.abstractStaphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB), particularly caused by methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA), constitutes a global public health problem due to its high morbidity and mortality and the increasing inefficacy of antibiotics. Among the most relevant data published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the classification of S. aureus as a high-priority pathogen for the research of new treatments stands out, being associated with more than 700,000 deaths annually worldwide. Conventional treatments address an antimicrobial therapy scheme consisting mainly of vancomycin or daptomycin, reaching clinical efficiencies that often do not exceed 60-80%, leaving a significant gap of therapeutic failure. In this scenario, phage therapy re-emerges as a promising therapeutic alternative. Its main advantages include high specificity, the capacity for self-replication at the infection site, and activity against biofilms; however, further investigation is pertinent regarding production standardization, clinical pharmacokinetics, and the establishment of a clear regulatory framework. Studies have been published in countries such as the United States, Belgium, and Australia, in which treatment with purified lytic phage cocktails has managed to improve clinical prognosis with reported success rates between 70% and 88% in compassionate use cases and controlled trials. In Latin America, clinical studies supporting this therapeutic alternative are scarce, limited mainly to incipient regulatory initiatives as in Uruguay or preclinical research. For Colombia and the region, there are scientific capabilities and vast biodiversity, supported by local research groups (Universidad de los Andes, Universidad Nacional and AGROSAVIA, among others) that have already isolated native phages with lytic potential. This reality opens an important opportunity for the research and biotechnological development of phage therapy, with a potential impact on reducing the high mortality associated with SAB. This work analyzed the current scientific evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of this therapy, alone or in combination with antibiotics, for the treatment of SAB. To this end, a systematic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and LILACS/SciELO databases, covering publications between 2015 and 2025. In vivo preclinical studies, clinical trials, and case series evaluating phage therapy against S. aureus were included. Preclinical evidence in murine models of sepsis and bacteremia consistently supports the efficacy of phages in reducing bacterial load and increasing survival. Clinical evidence, although limited, demonstrates a favorable safety profile and positive results in complex infections, highlighting the recent diSArm clinical trial (2025), which showed a significant improvement in clinical response, reaching an 88% success rate in the phage-treated group versus 58% in the placebo group in patients with complicated bacteremia. Combined phage-antibiotic therapy evidences a clear synergistic potential, although antagonistic interactions with bacteriostatic antibiotics have been reported. It is concluded that phage therapy is a grounded strategy to combat SAB, positioning itself mainly as an adjuvant therapy. Nevertheless, its implementation faces critical challenges such as the need for confirmatory Phase III clinical trials, the standardization of production under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), and the definition of a regulatory pathway adapted to the national context.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Microbiología
dc.description.tableofcontentsTabla de contenido Lista de figuras 11 Lista de tablas 12 Lista de abreviaturas y definición 13 1. Términos Clínicos y Microbiológicos 13 2. Compuestos, Moléculas y Parámetros Biológicos 13 3. Entidades, Programas y Normativas 14 4. Términos Metodológicos 15 1. Introducción 13 2. Objetivos 16 2.1 Objetivo general 16 2.2 Objetivos específicos 16 3. Marco conceptual y generalidades 17 3.1 La bacteriemia por S. aureus 17 3.2 Clasificación epidemiológica y clínica de la bacteriemia por S. aureus 19 3.3 Tratamiento de la bacteriemia por S. aureus 21 3.4 Desafíos terapéuticos en el tratamiento de la BSA y sus limitaciones 22 3.5 Fundamentos de la terapia fágica 26 3.6 Uso de la terapia fágica en infecciones por S. aureus 32 3.7 Marco normativo y regulatorio de la terapia fágica 36 4. Metodología 41 4.1 Tipo de Estudio 41 4.2 Estrategia de búsqueda y fuentes de información 41 4.3 Criterios de Selección 42 4.4 Proceso de recolección y extracción de datos 43 4.5 Análisis y síntesis de la información 43 4.6 Evaluación del riesgo de sesgo y calidad de la evidencia con aplicación del marco GRADE 43 4.7 Declaración sobre el uso de herramientas de inteligencia artificial 44 5. Resultados 45 5.1 Resultados de la estrategia de búsqueda bibliográfica 45 5.2 Evidencia preclínica de la terapia fágica contra S. aureus 46 5.3 Análisis de la evidencia clínica y eficacia y seguridad de la terapia fágica contra infecciones de S. aureus y bacteriemias en humanos 51 5.4 Perfil de seguridad de la terapia fágica mediante la identificación y clasificación de los efectos adversos y las respuestas inmunes reportadas 55 5.5 Evaluación del riesgo de sesgo y calidad de la evidencia con aplicación del marco GRADE 58 5.6 Terapias combinadas: interacción entre antibióticos y virus bacteriófagos en la terapia fágica 62 6. Discusión 65 7. Conclusiones 78 8. Recomendaciones 80 8.1 Recomendaciones metodológicas para futuras revisiones 81 8.2 Recomendaciones para la investigación clínica y traslacional 81 8.3 Recomendaciones para la Investigación Básica y Preclínica 82 8.4 Recomendaciones para la implementación en Colombia 82 9. Apropiación Social del Conocimiento y/o publicaciones 83 10. Referencias bibliográficas 84 11. Anexos 103 11.1 Anexo 1. Propuesta de ruta escalonada para posible implementación de la terapia fágica en Colombia 103 11.2 Anexo 2. Estrategia detallada de búsqueda bibliográfica 104 11.3 Anexo 3 Evaluación del riesgo de sesgo y calidad de la evidencia con aplicación del marco GRADE 107spa
dc.format.extent120p.
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.universidadmayor.edu.co/handle/unicolmayor/7344
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias de la Salud
dc.publisher.placeBogota
dc.publisher.programMaestría en Microbiología
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dc.rightsAl consultar y hacer uso de este recurso, está aceptando las condiciones de uso establecidas por los autores.
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.subject.proposalBacteriófagos
dc.subject.proposalTerapia fágica
dc.subject.proposalStaphylococcus aureus
dc.subject.proposalBacteriemia
dc.subject.proposalResistencia bacteriana
dc.titleTerapia fágica para bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus: una revisión de la seguridad, eficacia y perspectivas futurasspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dspace.entity.typePublication

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